The Long Campaign.
9.
It
was then the battle was to be known as the famous “Long Campaign” under John
Hunyadi, which took place in the autumn and winter of 1443–44. The preparations
weres tedious, with internal troubles in Hungary and the hostility of the
Habsburgs, were mollified with papal help. Venice and the papacy supported
Hunyadi’s army financially and diplomatically. Poland and other neighboring
countries sent troops, and in Hungary, the king levied an “extraordinary” tax
for the Crusade.
Hunyadi
himself recruited some ten thousand to twelve thousand well-trained soldiers,
including Czech veterans of the Hussite wars. Hunyadi recognized the
inefficiency and unreliability of feudal levies and was one of the first
European commanders to employ a regular army on a large scale. The whole army,
after having penetrated Serbian territories under Turkish occupation, reached a
total above thirty thousand strong.
The
combined forces crossed the Danube in October and occupied the
lands there, and conquered Turkish garrisons. Hunyadi’s troops, advancing the
rest of the army, prevented the Turks from unifying their forces and dispersed
them in a series of battles.
“At
them and shed no mercy!” John Hunyadi called on his men. He took on the border
garrisons and destroyed the camps there. He was swift in his campaign,
constantly moving ahead without giving the Turks the opportunity to regroup.
“My
Sultan, the Hungarians fought like the barbarians from the eastern land. They
hold no mercy to our warriors. We are forced to retreat.” The Kolagasis
reported to the Sultan.
“Cowards!
Have them beheaded!” The Sultan was furious that his army was retreating from
the Hungarians. He looked to his Viziers.
“Do
tell me! I need to decide.” The Sultan roared to his advisers. “Or face the
same fate as them.”
The
screams of the Kolagasis could be heard before the executioner silenced them.
“Call
for a truce, my Sultan. We need to buy time to regroup. We can then break the
truce, and attack them.” One of the viziers voiced out to the dismay of the
others.
“My
Sultan, you cannot ----” The Grand Vizier cut in but the Sultan had made his
mind. A ten years truce was concluded then by the Sultan. It was accepted by
the other side who viewed the success of the campaign as unprecedented in the
history of Turkish wars in Europe. It also evoked great enthusiasm in the
Christian world.
“The
Sultan Murad sued for peace. We are the victors.”
That
truce was concluded but was broken when it was learned that a Venetian fleet
was sailing to the Dardanelles to prevent the Sultan from recrossing
into Europe. It was then the Hungarian army went on the offensive to drive the
remaining Ottoman forces from Europe. (Extract from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Janos-Hunyadi#ref1231916).
It was also then the
Volvode of Wallachia, Lord Vlad II was with mixed feelings. There was the war
which the King had waged but Lord Vlad had reluctantly sat out. It was not that
he feared the Ottoman but the fate of his sons there.
He was approached by
John Hunyadi’s envoy when the war resumed.
“Lord Vlad, your
decision is needed. You have declined all my calls for men to fight the
Ottoman. Lord Vlad, you were then taken hostage by them, and then you returned
to re-claim your rank.” It was the words of one named Pedro
Vasque de Saavedra; an envoy of the King. “When you overthrew Basarab II, we did not intervene.”
“You could not. The King
then forbade it then.” Lord Vlad looked to the other.
“Now a new King sits
there. I am to do battle for the new King. Do I have your army? It has grown in
the years under you. Idle Warriors are bad for the land.” The envoy pressed on.
“And alliances today will be rewarded.”
“Tell me of the truce
that the Sultan was to hold with our side.” Lord Vlad moved to change the mood.
“What truce? Sultan Murad
II ask for peace while are winning. We won’t
oblige for we have the Venetian fleet sailing to the Dardanelles to prevent the Sultan from recrossing into Europe. The Hungarian
army is on the offensive to drive the remaining Ottoman forces from Europe.”
The envoy was jubilant with the development. “We will win this war, Lord Vlad.
All I asked is if you join us in the march to victory.”
It was a commanding overture from the envoy and
Lord Vlad was carried by the flow of events. He then nodded to the request. If only
he knew then, the Sultan had agreed in the failed truce to return the children
of Hungary who were hostages there.
Vlad’s spies in the Ottoman army told him
otherwise. He had recruited the spies to give him advance notice of any
invasion. He approached the King with the reports.
“We shall negotiate for peace. Sultan Murad
held a huge army even his guards outnumber our columns.” Lord Vlad was still
convinced the war could be dragged on.
“Lord Vlad II had left me without his army. Is
he doing it once more?” John Hunyadi stood next to the King had mocked the Lord
then.
“Lord Vlad II, you will battle for us or
against us. Do I have your reply?” The King looked at Lord Vlad II. “The other
Lords have consented.”
It was a cornered move on the Lord and he
relented.
“Yes, you will have them
bur I will ride with them.” Lord Vlad then stated his demand. “My son, Mircea
will ride with me too. Wallachian needs to see us in the fore.”
“You will ride under the
King’s banner. You will abide by his command, or we will have you
ex-communicated.” The King revealed his true self towards Lord Vlad II.
“And under John
Hunyadi.” Lord Vlad knew that John had the blessing of the Cardinale and King.
He relented then and allowed the army of four thousand from Wallachia to ride
with John; a part of them were mercenaries paid from the Wallachian’s coffers.
What was to transpire
was to become the turning point of the war. When the Venetian fleet failed to reach
the Dardanelles, however, the new Sultan replacing Sultan Murad II was his son;
Mehmed II.
The
young Sultan then was only twelve, called on his father to take command of the
invasion but the previous Sultan had declined. The young Sultan in anger wrote
to his father whom he succeeded over.
"If
you are the Sultan, come and lead your armies. If I am the Sultan, I hereby
order you to come and lead my armies." The old Sultan
took on the command and crossed over with a large Ottoman army of
around sixty thousand men approached Varna from the west. Papal, Venetian,
and Burgundian ships had blockaded the Dardanelles as the Hungarian
army was to advance on Varna, while a second flotilla comprised six ships of
the Burgundian and Byzantine blocked the Bosphorus.
Both
failed, and the main Ottoman force from Asia, including the sultan, crossed the
Bosphorus.
The
battle began then.